External / Related evidence

Preservation, perfusion and xenotransplantation.

Seven external liver, kidney and lung studies. None evaluated BHOC.

External evidence. Results belong to the study and intervention named in each record. They do not establish BHOC efficacy or a transplant indication. How we classify evidence →
01 / Liver

Hypothermic Oxygenated Perfusion Versus Static Cold Storage in Liver Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Year:
2026
Design:
Meta-analysis of randomized trials
Modality:
HOPE / preservation

Population / data: 8 randomized trials; 984 adult liver transplant recipients

Published signal: HOPE was associated with lower early allograft dysfunction, primary non-function, major complications and biliary complications than static cold storage; one-year graft survival was comparable.

Limit: HOPE was compared with static cold storage, not with an oxygen-carrier intervention.

DOI: 10.1111/ctr.70676 ↗ · PubMed ↗

02 / Kidney

Machine Perfusion Parameters and 1-Year Outcomes in High KDPI Kidney Transplantation: A Single-Center Cohort Study

Year:
2026
Design:
Single-center retrospective cohort
Modality:
Hypothermic machine perfusion

Population / data: 71 recipients of kidneys with KDPI ≥85

Published signal: Pre-specified machine-perfusion flow and resistance groups did not show statistically significant differences in one-year renal function, graft survival or patient survival.

Limit: Observational, single-center evidence; no oxygen-carrier intervention was tested.

DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2026.07.036 ↗ · PubMed ↗

03 / Lung

Early-to-Midterm Outcomes of Lung Transplantation Following Procurement with Thoracoabdominal Regional Perfusion: An OPTN Analysis

Year:
2026
Design:
OPTN retrospective analysis
Modality:
TA-NRP / procurement

Population / data: DCD lung transplantation; 1364 standard rapid recovery and 261 TA-NRP recipients

Published signal: One- and three-year survival were comparable. After adjustment, TA-NRP recipients had lower odds of ECMO use at 72 hours.

Limit: Registry analysis; no oxygen-carrier comparison.

DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2026.09.005 ↗ · PubMed ↗

04 / Liver

Real-World Analysis of Hypothermic Oxygenated Perfusion and Normothermic Machine Perfusion in Liver Transplantation: An International Cohort Study

Year:
2026
Design:
International real-world cohort
Modality:
HOPE vs NMP

Population / data: 954 NMP-treated and 1202 HOPE-treated liver grafts

Published signal: The study compared contemporary HOPE and NMP practice across international cohorts with substantial baseline donor-risk differences and risk-adjusted analyses.

Limit: Non-randomized comparison with baseline donor-risk differences.

DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000007195 ↗ · PubMed ↗

05 / Liver

Real-World Use of Normothermic Machine Perfusion in Liver Transplantation: A Multi-Institutional Experience From the National Organ Perfusion Registry

Year:
2026
Design:
Multicenter registry study
Modality:
Normothermic machine perfusion

Population / data: 545 NMP liver transplants across nine U.S. centers

Published signal: The registry described diverse NMP practice and reported a 90-day death-censored graft failure rate of 1.7%.

Limit: Descriptive registry evidence without a randomized control group.

DOI: 10.1111/ctr.70664 ↗ · PubMed ↗

06 / Kidney

Results of Two Cases of Pig-to-Human Kidney Xenotransplantation

Montgomery RA, Stern JM, Lonze BE, et al. · NEJM · 19 May 2022

Design:
Two-case human decedent study
Observation:
54 hours

Published signal: Short-term xenograft function without biopsy signs of hyperacute or antibody-mediated rejection during the observation window.

Limit: Short-term decedent study; it cannot establish outcomes in living recipients.

Read the focused evidence brief →

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2120238 ↗ · PubMed / full author list ↗

07 / Kidney

Physiology and immunology of a pig-to-human decedent kidney xenotransplant

Montgomery RA, Stern JM, Fathi F, Suek N, et al. · Nature · First online 13 November 2025; issue 5 February 2026

Design:
Single-recipient human decedent study
Observation:
61 days

Published signal: Dialysis independence; rejection on day 33, reported as reversed after treatment.

Limit: Rejection occurred on day 33; one decedent study cannot establish long-term outcomes in living recipients.

Read the focused evidence brief →

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09847-6 ↗ · PubMed / full author list ↗

Corrections: Publisher, 12 February 2026 · Author, 4 June 2026. Amendments are not counted as separate studies.

Seven study records · Source data (JSON) · Updated .

Historical HBOC publications

The 53-record catalogue remains in the central BHOC Platform.

Open historical catalogue ↗