What is new
From the blood-replacement question to the oxygen-delivery question.
For decades, the field was often framed around whether an engineered product could replace blood or red blood cells. That framing is too broad. Blood provides oxygen transport, hemostasis, immune functions, buffering, volume support and many other biological functions.
The BHOC framework asks a narrower and more actionable question: when oxygen delivery becomes critically limited, can the oxygen-transport function be supported independently, predictably and in the clinical or operational setting where it is needed?
This is the reason for the shift toward Precision Oxygen Therapeutics: evaluate oxygen delivery by function, physiology, context and evidence rather than by the assumption that one technology should replace the whole blood system.